Channel: Dr. John Campbell

Category: Education

Tags: human biologydiseasebiologymedical educationphysiologyhealthnursingmedicinehuman bodycampbellnclexpathophysiologynurse education

Description: If you would like John’s two free text books, Link to free download of my 2 textbooks http://159.69.48.3/ Physiology book in hard copy ebay.co.uk/itm/154770452796?mkevt=1&mkcid=16&mkrid=710-127635-2958-0 Do download and read these books, there is a phone friendly download or you can download the pdf files and print them out. They took several years of spare time to write, so the more people that use them the better. Paper in the Lancet thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02796-3/fulltext Data set ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/covid_19_excess_mortality Health metrics and evaluation healthdata.org Jan 1, 2020, to Dec 31, 2021 Estimate excess mortality from the COVID-19 pandemic, in 191 countries and territories, including 31 locations in low-income and middle-income countries 12 states in India Methods Data collected for pandemic period and past 11 years All-cause mortality reports Excess mortality over time was calculated as observed mortality minus expected mortality Excess mortality = observed mortality -expected mortality Accounting for late registration, Six models were used to estimate expected mortality (statistical model for low data areas) Findings, as measured by excess mortality Reported worldwide COVID-19 deaths = 5·94 million, We estimate 18·2 million (17·1–19·6 million) Global all-age rate of excess mortality due to the pandemic, 120·3 deaths per 100 000 of the population Excess mortality rate exceeded 300 deaths per 100 000 of the population in 21 countries Cumulative excess deaths due to COVID-19 India, 4·07 million USA, 1·13 million Russia, 1·07 million Mexico, 798, 000 Brazil, 792, 000 Indonesia, 736, 000 Pakistan, 664, 000 Bangladesh, 413, 000 Peru, 349, 000 South Africa, 302, 000 Iran, 274, 000 Egypt, 265, 000 Italy, 259, 000 Australia – 18,100 NZ, - 827 Canada, 43,700 UK, 169,000 Excess mortality highest Russia, 374·6 deaths per 100 000 Mexico, 433.6 per 100 000 Brazil, 186·9 per 100 000 USA, 179·3 per 100 000 UK, 126.8 per 100 000 Canada, 60.5 per 100 000 Australia, - 32.9 per 100 000 NZ, - 9.3 per 100 000 Ratio of excess mortality rate to reported COVID-19 mortality A measurement of undercounting the true mortality impact of the pandemic In high-income North America, the ratios were comparatively low Morocco, 10 Egypt, 12·19 Sudan, 25·12 Afghanistan, 26·06 Yemen, 33·04 Canada, 1.44 US, 1.37 UK, 0.97 Interpretation The full impact of the pandemic has been much greater than what is indicated by reported deaths due to COVID-19 alone. Further research is warranted To distinguish excess mortality that was directly caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the changes in causes of death as an indirect consequence of the pandemic.