Channel: Alila Medical Media

Category: Education

Tags: combined t and b-cell deficienciestreatmentmedicalinnate disordersiggcauseadaptive disorderpidpiddphagocyte deficienciesevaluationcomplement proteinsb-cell deficienciesmacrophagesgeneticsimmune responseleukocyteslectureforms of pidimmunologyscidoverviewlymphocytesgenescbcdna testingdiagnosismedicinehumoral immune responset-cell deficiencysymptomsclinical presentationanimatedsevere combined immunodeficiency disordersconditionscid

Description: Classification, types of PIDs, genetics, inheritance patterns, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatments. PIDs (or PIDDs) are rare diseases. This video is available for instant download licensing here: alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/all-animations/immune-and-lymphatic-system-videos/-/medias/0f8b2ca0-97cd-479a-bc26-d03c3300206e-primary-immunodeficiency-disorder-pid-narrated-animation ©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved. Voice by : Marty Henne Support us on Patreon and get early access to videos and free image downloads: patreon.com/AlilaMedicalMedia All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Primary immunodeficiency disorder, PID, refers to a large group of hundreds of conditions, each caused by a defect in the immune system. Because the immune system protects the body against infections, people with PID are more vulnerable to infectious diseases. Most commonly, PID results from a mutation inherited from one or both parents. It must be differentiated from secondary immunodeficiency caused by pathogens, such as HIV, malnutrition, metabolic diseases, or use of immunosuppressive medications. The major players of the immune system are the white blood cells. They derive from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Each cell has specific roles in the immune response. The immune system consists of 2 branches: the innate response including phagocytes and complement proteins; and the adaptive response involving T-cells and B-cells. T-cells are primarily responsible for cellular immunity, and B-cells for antibody-mediated immunity, but there are overlaps in their functions. PID can be classified based on the immune component that is affected. Innate disorders include phagocyte and complement deficiencies. Adaptive disorders include T-cell deficiencies, B-cell deficiencies, and combined T and B-cell deficiencies, which are often severe. Because antibody production by B-cells requires T-cell functions, T-cell deficiencies often lead to combined immunodeficiency disorders. Severe forms of PID can be apparent soon after birth or during the first year of life, while milder forms may go unnoticed until late childhood or even adulthood. Symptoms vary greatly among different types, but the most telltale sign is having frequent, recurrent, or particularly difficult to treat infections. Most common are respiratory, sinus, ear, and skin infections. Infants often fail to grow. Blood disorders or autoimmune diseases may also occur. Timely diagnosis, especially for severe forms, is essential to survival. Patients of any age with repeated or unusual infections must be checked for PID. Assessment usually starts with a complete blood count and blood smear to evaluate the levels of lymphocytes. A low lymphocyte count may be indicative of T-cell deficiency. Flow cytometry can be used to quantify specific cell types. Lymphocyte proliferation assays are used to evaluate T-cell functions. Serum immunoglobulin levels are measured when B-cell deficiency is suspected. Patients may be tested for their response to certain vaccine antigens, such as tetanus toxoid. Failure to produce adequate amounts of antibody against the antigen indicates antibody-deficiency disorder. Neutrophil function assays, cytokine stimulation assays, and complement studies are helpful for diagnosis of innate disorders. Disorders caused by known mutations can be confirmed with DNA testing. Treatment consists of 2 major parts: treating, preventing infections; and boosting the immune system, or possibly fixing it. Bacterial infections are managed with aggressive antibiotic treatments. Preventive measures involve prophylactic antibiotics and vaccinations, but live-attenuated vaccines must be avoided as they may cause severe diseases. Patients with severe combined immunodeficiency should be protected from exposure to pathogens. B-cell disorders are treated with intravenous or subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Phagocyte disorders are managed with cytokine replacement therapy, such as interferon-gamma. Bone marrow transplantation or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may offer a permanent cure if HLA-identical donors are available. Gene therapy, which introduces a normal copy of the patient's mutated gene into relevant cells, has been successful for some disorders.