Channel: Dr.G Bhanu Prakash Animated Medical Videos

Category: Education

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Description: What is an injection? An injection is a way of administering a sterile liquid form of medication into tissues of the body beneath the skin, usually using a sharp, hollow needle or tube. Most people with access to healthcare services experience injections at some point in their lives, such as childhood immunisations or medical treatment. Injections are usually used for drugs which need to act quickly or do not absorb well in the digestive system. Some medications can be given as long-acting injections, known as depot injections. An amount of slow-release medication is injected and steadily absorbed into the body over a number of weeks or even months. Depot injections are only available for specific medications but can be helpful for people who find it difficult to remember to take their medication, or for situations where a missed dose could cause serious problems. Hormonal contraceptives or some psychiatric medications may be given as depot injections. Types of Injection One of the ways we describe injections is by the route or the type of body tissue they are administered into. The most common types of injections are: Subcutaneous Injection (SC) Subcutaneous injections (also referred to as ‘subcut’, ‘sub-Q’, or ‘SQ’) are injections that deliver medication into the layer of fat just under the skin. These can be given with small, fine needles, and so are only minimally uncomfortable. Sometimes, repeated SC injections can cause small lumps that can be felt under the skin. These areas should be avoided when giving subsequent injections as the rate of absorption can be unpredictable. Intramuscular Injection (‘IM’) Intramuscular injections are injections into a muscle. They are traditionally given in the upper, outer quadrant of the buttock, but some intramuscular injections can also be given in the thigh or upper arm. Muscles are vascular – they have a good supply of blood vessels – which means that medications given into the muscle are absorbed quickly. Longer needles are sometimes necessary to reach a muscle, so IM injections may be more uncomfortable than subcutaneous injections. Intravenous Injection (IV) Intravenous injections deliver medication directly into a vein. Medications given via IV injections are usually done through a cannula to ensure that medication is administered into a patent vein and to avoid any leakage of medication into other tissues. Historically, IV injections were more commonly given directly by needle but the risk of improper administration is higher than with a fitted and flushed cannula. Furthermore, needles can’t be left in the vein for future medication administration, unlike a cannula. To fit a cannula for IV injection or infusion, a doctor or nurse uses a device where a soft plastic tube is introduced using a needle. The needle is then withdrawn and the plastic tube is left in the vein with an access port affixed to the skin. Other less common forms of injectable medication administration include: Intraosseous Injection (IO) Intraosseous injections are usually used in emergencies where medication or fluids need to get into the bloodstream quickly and venous access is difficult or impossible. Sometimes when someone is unwell, their blood pressure drops and their peripheral blood vessels – those in the extremities such as arms and legs – constrict to encourage blood flow to the most important parts of the body. In a cardiac arrest situation, they may also have no pulse and poor blood flow through the normal venous access routes. It can become almost impossible to get quick access to a vein so an intraosseous cannula can be fitted as an alternative. A small cannula is screwed through the skin into the bone marrow, often in the bony part of the shin just under the knee. This allows quick and easy administration of emergency medications and large volumes of resuscitation fluids. Administration into bone marrow has several benefits over intravenous access in an emergency, as it is non-collapsible – the access point is unlikely to fail. However, fitting intraosseous access devices has a small risk of causing fractures or infections in the deep tissues or bone so it is normally only used in emergencies. Intradermal Injection These are injections given in between the layers of the skin. This route is usually used when a localised reaction is required, for example with some vaccinations, allergy testing, or tests to determine previous exposure to some infections. In general, people who are up-to-date with common childhood vaccinations have experienced an intradermal injection. #injectiontechniques #injectiontechnique #typesofinjection #intradermalinjection #intravenousinjection #subcutaneousinjection #clinicalskills #clinicalessentials